Fort Street Presbyterian Church Work Of Architecture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 980 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Architecture Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction The present Fort Street Presbyterian Church building is located in Detroit, Michigan. It is acclaimed as one of the tallest human-made structure standing 81 meters at its steeple in that city. Its construction started in 1855, and it was not completed until 1876 making it one among the oldest churches situated in Detroit. The records of the building can be found in the state and national historic registers (Marsden, George). In this regard, the analysis of the construction, materials, historical references and, works style are highlighted in this paper. Analysis of the works style During the construction period, Fort Street was an aesthetic part of the neighborhood. The surrounding members include elite class such as Zachariah Chandle, James F. Joy and, Russel A. Alger. Zachariah Chandler in his Memorial Address booklet states that the construction of the church was caused by an influx of English Protestants in 1849 when a second Presbyterian church was organized by Reverend Robert Kellogg. The land in which the church is built was bought from Mr. Shadrack and Mary Gillett (Woodford, Arthur). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fort Street Presbyterian Church Work Of Architecture" essay for you Create order Mr. Albert H. Jordan from Connecticut was chosen as the architect. As the architect, Jordan designed the churchs exemplary manifestation of Gothic Revival architecture. Additionally, He was mandated in constructing the larger portion of the church. Albert also designed other notable building that is renowned throughout the US. James Anderson was Jordans draftsman who later designed the Detroits Old City Hall (Marsden, George). Analysis of the construction The total cost of the site and building was about $ 1.8 million. This money was difficult to raise making only a part of the church to be constructed using the available funds. Fifteen years later, the ambitious open construction was completed by creating gallery and pews resembling the original design (Thompson, Ernest). This was primarily caused by the small number of the church congregation which was only 167 people at the time. A reconditioning program that included installation of black walnut pews and crescent gallery was instituted in 1870. Baptismal font found in the church is made of Caen stone, supported by onyx columns imported from Mexico. These materials are used to make the building stable since its an ancient building (Marsden, George). The materials were sourced from Mexico because of their availability there and the ease of making them. The buildings slate roof was replaced in 2013. This was done after a fire broke out but there have since been other significant fixtures and renovations in the building. The church was able to raise $700,000 where a never fading green slate mined in a quarry in Vermont was used (Woodford, Arthur). Engineers tested the material which was observed to be three times stronger than ordinary slate. Materials The primary material that was used for the construction of the church was limestone that was mined in the Ontario quarries. Modern materials were used for interior furnishing to give the building a stylish look. Limestone was used because it easily forms the required shape and also a valuable natural resource (Nevin, Alfred). The Ontario quarry was used to source the limestone due to its proximity to the city of Detroit. New lights have been installed in the building, and the roof has been built using modern materials. Moreover, there is a facade which stands at 265 feet (81 meters) tall square tower consisting of the spire on one side with a shorter turret which is octagonal. A central stained glass is fitted in the windows to illuminate the sanctuary. The church has seven bays along the side with flying buttresses, crocheted finials, lacy stonework and tall windows, which is designed to give the impression of lightness (Marsden, George). The sanctuarys interior features a three-aisled nave and a horseshoe balcony capable that can seat about 1,000 people. Tiles are fitted on the stone floor and are early works of Mary Chase Perry Stratton, founder of Pottery. The solid brass lectern which is in a shape of an eagle was exhibited at 1893 during the Worlds Columbian Exposition which was held in Chicago to showcase outstanding architecture (Woodford, Arthur). Historical References The churchs gymnasium was converted to a dormitory during World War II according to the churchs website. Furthermore, in recent times the facility has been used to house homeless people as a way to give back to the society by feeding them weekly (https://fortstreet.org/). The church has also maintained artistry records and works for public viewing. This has led to the promotion of tourism in the local area thus leading to its growth. The building is acclaimed as an architectural marvel of the 19th century. Its Gothic design which was inspired by the Gothic Revival which began in England in the eighteenth century (Nevin, Alfred). Accounts of incidents such as the 1876 fire that destroyed interior and roof of the church have been suitably recorded. However, the church was later rebuilt in the following year where its 230-foot spire was made. There was another fire which broke out when electricians were replacing the lights, but it has since been renovated (Farmer, Silas). There have been other small fixtures made to match its present look. Conclusion The Fort Street Presbyterian church is a physical proof of the 19th century Gothic Revival construction style. It has a robust foundation which was made using limestone making it stand the test of time. The church facilitated the growth of the surrounding community through its historical design that attracts both local and international tourists. Works Cited Farmer, Silas. The history of detroit and michigan or the metropolis illustrated. 1889. Marsden, George M. Fundamentalism and American culture. Oxford University Press, 2006. Nevin, Alfred. Encyclopaedia of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America: Including the Northern and Southern Assemblies. Presbyterian Encyclopaedia Publishing Company, 1884. Thompson, Ernest Trice. Presbyterians in the South: 1861-1890. Vol. 13. Westminster John Knox Press, 1963. Woodford, Arthur M.? This is Detroit, 1701-2001. Wayne State University Press, 2001. https://fortstreet.org/ https://www.historicdetroit.org/building/fort-street-presbyterian-church/

Conflict And Social Behavior Perspective - 1718 Words

Introduction This paper will show how conflict and social behavior perspective play an important role in Dasani’s life (Hutchinson, 2015). The reader will have a better understanding of the perspective through examples in Dasani’s life. This paper will conclude with a reflection of the writer’s future profession in the social work field. Conflict Perspective Defined Conflict perspective is seen through the lens of someone who has power and seeks to oppress people with less power, sometime through discrimination or control (Hutchinson, 2015). Individuals who are not in the social work field would automatically assume that the conflict involves a dispute between two individuals. An issue with conflict perspective is that it has the†¦show more content†¦Within this perspective, there are three theories that describe different ways in which learning occurs; classical conditioning theory, operant conditioning theory, and cognitive social learning theory (Hutchinson, 2015). Classical conditioning is often associated with physiologist Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with the salivating dog (Hutchinson, 2015). This experiment focused on conditioning the dog to associate food with the bell while salivating, and eventually salivates when the bell is rung even without the presence of food. Operant conditioning theory i s changed behavior as the result of a reinforcement (Hutchinson, 2015). In our society, we associate positive reinforcements with compliments, smiles, high-fives in order to encourage a behavior more. Negative reinforcement involves jail, detention, and grounding, and this is to stop a behavior from continuing. A cognitive social learning theory states that behavior can be learned through observations, beliefs, expectations, and imitation of others (Hutchinson, 2015). A major difference between cognitive social learning theory and the others, is a lack of manipulation to encourage the individual to follow through with a behavior. 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Essay on Persuade to Stop Physical Bullying - 860 Words

Physical Bullying Physical bullying is a serious problem, affecting not only the bully and the victim, but also the other students who witness the bullying. Parents, teachers, and other concerned adults and young people should be aware of what physical bullying is and some of the ways to handle it. There are many types of negative physical interactions that can occur between young people, including fighting, practical jokes, stealing, and sexual harassment. These things are not considered physical bullying unless: * The same victim is targeted repeatedly * The bully or bullies intend to hurt, embarrass, or intimidate the victim * The actions occur in a situation with a real or perceived imbalance of power, such as when†¦show more content†¦Victims of physical bullying are usually physically weaker than the bullies, and also may be socially marginalized for some reason, including weight, ethnicity, or other characteristics that make it harder for them to fit in. 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Lullabies for Little Criminals free essay sample

Obstacles in Lullabies for Little Criminals Nicole Salloum The definition of perseverance is â€Å"steadfastness in doing something despite difficulty of delay in achieving success† (28. April. 2012). Growing up with a drug addict father and no real home, a child would need to have a lot of perseverance to just survive. In Heather O’Neill’s novel Lullabies for Little Criminals the main character, Baby, proves that despite hardships, she is able to overcome obstacles and adversity and learn something about life. One of Baby’s obstacles is that her father, Jules, creates an unstable living environment for Baby because of his inexperience in parenting and his constant drug abuse. However because of Jules, she learns how to take care of herself which leads to her learning life lessons. Secondly, due to Baby’s neglected upbringing she is very much affected by other children including Xavier, Zoe and Theo who each teach her something different about herself and the world. Lastly, the presence of Alphonse in Baby’s life causes many hardships like physical abuse and prostitution that she is forced to deal with at a very young age. Despite these obstacles, Baby manages to use the experiences to help her grow into the person she is today. Baby’s father Jules has raised her in a very deprived environment. Ultimately, this has made obstacles for Baby which she manages to overcome and learn from. One of the most drastic examples of Baby’s hardships is Jules being arrested for possession of heroin outside of their apartment building. Baby tries to reach him but is hit by a car as she crosses the street, without Jules even realizing. It was in this moment that Baby realizes Jules needed more care than she did, â€Å"I ran across the street to get to Jules and to try and save him† (O’Neill, 56). Nevertheless she still needs a parent figure, but manages to cope without any help. Later on, instead of serving time in jail, Jules makes the decision to go to rehab. Baby is forced to stay with another household that she barely knows and must learn to adjust without her father. Even though Jules has abandoned her, Baby still loves him unconditionally and wants him to come back. Because of this, Baby learns that your child will love you no matter what. â€Å"If you want to get a child to love you, you should just go and hide in the closet for three or four hours. They get down on their knees and pray for your return† (59). This life lesson teaches Baby to become wary of Jules, and make sure she does not have to rely on him as much as she did before. Finally on Baby’s thirteenth birthday, she came home under the influence of drugs and saw that Jules had bought her assorted cheap gifts. She becomes overwhelmed with the realization of their poverty and begins to cry. Despite being only twelve years old, Baby opens her eyes to what her life really is. She realizes that her innocence is gone and with this also goes her ability to be blind to what her life has actually been like up until this point. -â€Å"When you’re young enough, you don’t know that you live in a cheap lousy apartment. A cracked chair is nothing other than a chair. A dandelion growing out of a crack in the sidewalk outside your front door is a garden†¦It never occurs to you when you are very young to need something other that what your parents have to offer to you† (184). As has been noted, Baby manages to overcome hardships like drug abuse and being neglected by her father. However because of this environment, Baby learns how to take care of herself and it also helps her understand what real life is like when you become an adult. Throughout the novel, Baby is affected greatly by children that she meets and who become important to her. These experiences with other kids teach Baby more about herself and life. One of the children that Baby is greatly affected by is a boy named Xavier. He becomes very special to Baby because when she is with him she feels as if she is still good and pure, like a child again. Being with Xavier doesn’t last very long for Baby though because her real life clashes with her need for childhood innocence. Baby’s pimp Alphonse becomes jealous of Xavier and brutally beats him, after this episode Baby learns that innocence does not last forever and the person she was with Xavier was not who she really is. â€Å"I was very religious about other children, and I wanted so much to believe that they could save me,† (307). Zoe is another child that becomes a part of Baby’s dark world which involves drugs and adultery. Zoe is constantly trying to act older and influences Baby to do the same. Zoe is a girl who â€Å"didn’t look 13 anymore. She had big boobs and wore a tight black plastic jacket to accentuate them†¦She was the most popular girl in our circle of juvenile delinquents,† (265). Being friends with Zoe helps Baby see that just because she lives in these horrible conditions she doesn’t have to be like her, Baby also learns more about herself after this realization, â€Å"There was a part of me that was smart and original and nerdy too,† (266). Finally, Theo is a boy who comes from a similar abusive background to Baby. He manages to befriend Baby and they get into a lot of trouble together, like destroying a girls home because she bullied Baby. After wrecking the girls house with Theo, Baby finds that she has feelings for him. When she tells someone about her crush, the girl promptly states that she â€Å"by far, had the worst taste on the planet,† (139). In this moment Baby realizes that she is able to love whoever she wants and that her decisions should not be affected by other people. â€Å"It didn’t matter what anyone else thought†¦I was going to make my own decisions about love from now on,† (140). To sum up, all these children have taught Baby about love, life and changed who she is as a person. By far one of the most influential people in Baby’s life is Alphonse. Alphonse drastically changes Baby’s life by prostituting her out and developing an obsession for her. Nevertheless, Baby still manages to overcome these hardships and learn a lot from them. An example of a hardship she has to face because of Alphonse would be when Baby is prostituted out for the first time by Alphonse. This affects her emotionally and leads to more jobs like this. â€Å"They say that certain things are going to be terrible and that they are going to destroy you, but they don’t,† (222). This quote reflects how Baby learns to cope with her present situation and realizes she is still the same person no matter what. Secondly, Alphonse changes Baby by providing her with heroin which she eventually develops an addiction for. Being addicted to heroin helps Baby understand herself and Jules (who was also addicted to heroin) much more than before. â€Å"We were both fools who were too fragile to be sad, and because no one was prepared to give us a good enough reason not to do it,† (287). This quotation explains that they are both very neglected and need something to forget their problems. After Alphonse brutally beats Xavier, he overdoses on heroin. Baby eventually wakes up to find Alphonse is dead. After she realizes that Alphonse is dead she begins to plan her next step, Baby tries to think of adults that she can rely on to help her out and no one comes to mind. In this moment Baby learns why her life has been so terrible thus far. â€Å"When you are vulnerable, the worst of society will fail you too,† (288). As can be seen from the previous examples, Alphonse changes Baby’s life drastically and helps her learn more about life than anyone else. In Lullabies for Little Criminals Baby has overcome hardships and obstacles in her life that have helped her grow as a person and taught her what the real world is like. Her father Jules has brought Baby up in a very deprived and abusive home. Despite all of this, Baby is able to grow and learn from all these hardships. Basically raising herself, she is greatly affected by children like Xavier, Zoe and Theo. Each of these kids taught her something different about life. Lastly Alphonse played a huge role in Baby’s life and created many hardships for her. However she was able to cope and learn more about the real world because of him. In conclusion, Baby has had a very hard life with regards to living environment, abuse and prostitution. However, every single time she has been able to stay grounded and learn something from these obstacles. Bibliography O’Neill, Heather. Lullabies for Little Criminals. Toronto, Ontario: Harper Collins Publishers, 2006. Print. â€Å"Perseverance. † Def. 1. www. dictionary. com. LLC, n. d. Web. 28 Apr. 2012.